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SUMMARIES UNIT 8 : RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION ( 2º ESO)

  1. THE RENAISSANCE
THE HUMANISM OF THE RENAISSANCE
The great cuktural changes of the 15 th and 16 th centuries wee called the Renaissace. Schoars bécame deeply curious about mankind, and no longer took all ther ideas from the Church’s teachings. Renaissance artists created an xtraordinary range of masterpieces in panting, sculpture and architecture.
Humanism was the great intellecual and cultural movement of this period:
  • Humanism was base don the study of the human being. Before the Renaissance, scholars had only been interested in the actions of God.
  • The humanists renewed the ideals of classical antiquity through the study of Greek and Latin texts. Some of these texts were rediscovered when Byzantine scholars took them o Italy after the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
  • They had a great spirit of enqury. Their aim was to understand the world by personal reflection and scientific expriments.
Humanism gradually bécame a great international movement. Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press (before 1450) was crucial. In Medieval times manuscrits had been copied slowly by hand. But books were now printed in large numbers and reached many more people.
HUMANISM IN ITALY
Humanis first developed in Italy where classical civilisation left a greater heritage than in the rest of Europe:
  • In Florence, Marsilio Ficino founded the Florentine Academy which was a discussion group imitating the philosopher Plato’s Academy in Ancient Athens.
  • In Rome,many Popes were receptive to humanist ideals. One Pope, Pius II, was an important writer who wrote a long autobiography.
  • In Naples, king Alfonso V  of Aragón welcomed scholars to his court.

THE SPREAD OF HUMANISM IN EUROPE
Humaist thought spread from Italy to the rest of Europe.
  • In Flanders, Erasmus of Rotterdam bécame one of the leading figures of European humanism. Thaks to printing, his work was read throughout Europe. Erasmus combined encyclopedic knowledge with a strong critical spirit.
  • Another important figure was the Englishman Thomas ore, who reflecte don the best way to govern society in his book Utopia.
  • In Spain, there was an important group of humanist scholars at the Uiversity of Alcalá de Henares. Antonio de Nebrija wrote the first  gramar of the Castilian language. The Valencian Luis Vives was an important philosopher.

  1. RENAISSANCE ART AND ARCHITECTURE
RENAISSANCE ART
Renaissance art began in Italy and then spread through Europe, where it gradually replaced the Gothic style. In accordance with humanist ideals, Renaissance art aimed to revive classical harmony and beauty.
  • The Renaisssance first began in Florence during the 15 th century, or Quattrocento. Great artista rediscovered Greek and Roman cultura, which inspired them to attempt new types of experimentation.
  • During the High Renaissance (or Cinquecento) of the 16 th century, Rome bécame he leading centre of art and learning. The Renaissance spread from Italy to the rest of Europe, but it took a different form in each country.
Artists only began a piece of work when a patron gave them a commission . in Rome, th Popes were important patrons of artists and architects. In Italian city-states wealthy families, such as the Medici in Florence and the Sforza in Milan, were also great patrons.
RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE
Many exceptional palaces, churches and civic buildings were built in Renaissance Italy:
  • In accordance with their humanist Outlook, Renaissance architects designed buildings on a human scale. These were very unlike Gothic churches that reached upwards into the sky.
  • Renaissance buildings were symmetrical because they were inspired by classical ideas about proportion and harmony.
  • The used many features of classical architecture, such as the semi-circular arch and columns belonging to the classical orders.
The architect Filippo Brunelleschi was one of the outstanding figures of the Quattrocento, Bruneleschi designed the dome of Florence cathedral and built geometrically perfect churches.
During the High Renaissance, Rome and Venice bécame great centres of Renaissance architecture:
  • In Rome, Donato Bramante and Michelangelo helped to build Saint Peter’s Basilica, which was considered the greatest church in Christian Europe.
  • Near Venice, the architect Andrea Palladio built many beautiful villas.


  1. RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE AND PAINTING

SCULPTURE
Like other artist, Renaissance sculptors were strongly influenced by classical antiquity. This inspired the importance they placed on the human body, proportion and balance. They often represented nudes.
  • In the Quattrocento, the finest sculptures were made in Florence. The bronze doors of Florence cathedral, created by the sculptor Ghiberti, were called the “Gates of Paradise”. Donatello experimented with free-standing bronze sculptures and equestrian statues that were similar to representations of Roman emperors.
  • The Florentine Michelangelo was the outstanding sculptor o the High Renaissance. His marble statues were very passionate, but they also reflected the Renaissance qualities of harmony and balance.
PAINTING
Renaissance pinting had the following characteristics:
  • Painters used perspective to show depth and make a scene look more realistic.
  • Reflecting classical ideals, they showed idealised, perfectly proportioned figures.
  • They represented much more varied subjects. They painted portraits as well as scenes from the Bible and classical mythology.
In the Quattrocento, exceptional Florentine painters like Massacio and Boticelli refined the use of colour and perspective.
The Works that followed in the High Renaissance are among the greatest masterpieces ever created:
  • Leonardo da Vinci’s Works included “The Last Supper” and “The Mona Lisa” (Gioconda)whose blurred outline was acieved by a technique called sfumato.
  • Michelangelo is famous for his frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.
  • Raphael used clour and composition perfectly in his paintings of the Madonna, or Virgin.
  • In Venice, Titian painted highly colourful and sensual works of art.

  1. THE RENAISSANCE IN EUROPE
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Renissance art sread from Italy to the rest of Europe in he 16 th century, where it gradually replaced the Gothic style. In the low Countries, germany and France this movement was called the Northern Renaissance.

THE LOW COUNTRIES
In the 15 th century, Flemish artists lie Jan van Eyck painted with great realism. Italia influence reached the present-day countries of the Netherlands and Belgium in about 1500. But Dutch and Flemish artists were less interested than the Italians in the classical ideals o Aniquity.
Some painters achieved a highly personal style.
  • Hieronymus Bosh painted strange, fantastic scenes
  • Pieter Bruegel the Elder showed scenes of everyday life.
GERMANY
In Germany, Albrecht Dürer was on of the freatest artista of the Northern Renaissance. Dürer was influenced by humanism and visited Italy twice. He painted both religious and secular subjects, and studied his own carácter in a series of self-portraits.
FRANCE
King François I of France invited many Italian artista, including Leonardo da Vinci, to his court. Many fine alaes were built, such as the ones at Fointanebleau and Chambord.
RENAISSANCE ART IN SPAIN
There were three main styles in Spanish architecture:
  • Classical buildings, like Carlos V’s palace in Granada, were influenced by the Italian Renaissance.
  • Plateresque decoration of façades, for example at the University of Salamanca, imitated the elaborate work of silversmiths (plateros).
  • The Herrerian style was named after the architect Juan de Herrera. He built the austere and monumental Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial.
The Spnish sculptor Alonso de Berruguete studied under Michelangelo in Italy. He created very vigorous sculptures on religious subjects.
Spanish painting was also mainly religious. The greatest artist was El Greco, who painted many of his most famous masterpieces in Toledo. El Greco developed a higly personal style that was very dramatic and intensely spiritual.
  1. THE REFORMATION AND COUNTER-REFORMATION
WHAT CAUSED THE REFORMATION?
The Reformation was a religious movement in 16 th –century Europe. It was caused by the following factors:
  • Critics of the Catholic Church claimed that its leaers were wealthy and corrupt, nd the priests did not carry out their duties properly.
  • Thee was strong opposition to indulgences, which pardoned people their sins in return for money.
  • Humanist influence made people look for a more personal religion, base don their Reading of the Bible.
THE LUTHERAN REFORMATION
The Reformation began in 1517 when Martin Luther, a German monk, wrote “The Ninety-five Theses”. In this text Luther strongly criticised the Pope, and as a result he was excommunicaed from the Catholic Church.
Luther developed a new type of Christianity called Lutheranism. It was base don the following principles.
  • Salvation wasreached by faith in Christ and not through a person’s actions.
  • Any Christian could interpret and preach the word of God. Luther rejected the authority of the Pope and the Catholic Church.
  • There were only two sacraments: baptism and the Eucharist.
Lutherans, later known as Protestants, left the Catholic Church. Lutheranism spread through Germany, where some princess saw the new doctrine as a way of increasing their own autority.
OTHER PROTESTANT MOVEMENTS
The rise of Lutheranism in Germany encouraged other movements to break away from Catholism.
  • The Church of England. In England, King Henry VIII broke eith the Papacy when the Pope refuse to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragón, Isabel and Fernando ‘s daughter.
Henry VIII became Head of the Church of England. Anglicanism was influenced by the Reformation, but also maintained some Catholic traditions.
  • Calvinism. A French theologian John Calvin was the founder of this movement, which was followed in Switzerland, part of France, the Low Countries and Scotland.
Calvinists believed in predestination. People were destined to go to heaven or hell from birth, and nothing could change this.
THE COUNTER-REFORMATION
The Reformation led to a reaction by the Catholic Church called the Counter-Rformation. The Council of Trent adopted a series of resolutions in 1545:
  • It confirmed Catholic doctrine and Papal authority.
  • It also confirmed the worship of the Virgin and the sants.
  • Good works were necessary to achieve salvation.
  • There were seven sacraments.
  • The training of the clergy was improved and bishops were required t olive in their dioceses.
New religious orders were created to promote the Counter- Reformaion. The ost important was the Society of Jesus, fiunded by Ignacio de Loyola. Their members, called Jesuits, owed direct allegiance to the Pope and their educational work made them an imortant forcé in the Counter-Reformation.

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