EARLY MIDDLE AGES
ALCAZAR:
This
meant”fortress” or “palace” in Arabic. The building where the Muslim
authorities worked.
ALLAH:
The name of
God in Islam.
ARABS:
The
Arabic-speaking inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula who led Muslim expansion
in the 7 th century.
BASILEUS
An Emperor of
the Byzantine Empire.
BYZANTINE
Relating to
the Eastern Roman Empire, also known as
Byzantium.
CALIPH
The title
given to Muhammad’s successors, who became the rulers of a succession of Muslim
empires called caliphates.
CALLIGRAPHY
Fine,
decorative writig.
CAROLINGIAN
RENAISSANCE
The revival of
cultura in Charlemagne ‘s empire.
COLONUS
(plural Coloni)
A farmer who
worked on Roman villa.
COUNT
The ruler of a
county, or region, in the Carolingian empire. Later, a hereditary title in the
nobility.
CYRILLIC
SCRIPT
The alphabet
of a Slavic language, such as Russian and Bulgarian.
DOME
The upper part
of a building or structure shaped like a half-sphere.
DYNASTY
A succession
of monarchs from the same family who hold power from one generation to another.
EMIR
The ruler of a
Muslim province calledan Empire.
HAREM
The place in a
Muslim residence where only women lived.
HEGIRA
Muhammad’s
journey from Mecca to Medina, which marks the beginning of the Muslim era.
ICONOCLASM
A Byzantine
movement to prohibit and destroy icons (religious images)
ISLAM
A monotheistic
religion practised by Muslims that began in the Middle East in the 7 th
century.
JUSTIAN
CODE
A complete
code of Roman law established under the Byzantine emperor Justinian in the 6 th
century.
MANUSCRIPT
A document
written by hand.
MARCH
(SPANISH MARCH)
Aborde rarea
of the Carolingian empire, like the Marca Hispánica near the Pyrenees.
MEDINA
The central
part of a Muslim city, where the most important buildings were found.
MIHRAB
Aniche in the
wall of a Muslim mosque.
MINARET
A tower in a
Muslim mosque.
MINIATURE
Avery small,
detailed painting
MISSI
DOMINICI (plural)
The emperor’s
inspectors in the Carolingian empire. In Latin, this meant “the lord’s
messengers”.
MONOTHEISM
The belief in
a single God shared by Judaism, Christianity and Islam .
MOSQUE
A Muslim place
of worship.
MOZARAB
The Christian
inhabitant of a Muslim part of the Iberian Peninsula.
MULADI
The inhabitant
of a conquered part of the Iberian Peninsula who converted to Islam.
NOMAD
Amember of a
group that moved around and did not settle in a fixed place.
PEOPLES OF
THE BOOK
The Muslim
term for people of the three religions (Judaism, Christianity and Islam) who
believed in God, as described in the Bible.
PILGRIMAGE
A journey to a
sacred place, like Mecca for Muslims, or Santiago de Compostela for Christians.
PILLARS
(The Five Pillars of Islam)
The most
important obligations in Islamic religion.
POLYGAMY
In certain
societies, the right of a man to have several wives.
POLYTHEISM
The belief
that there are many gods.
PROPHET
Areligious
figure who speaks in God’s name.
QUIBLA
A wall in a
Muslim mosque facing towards Mecca.
QURAN
The sacred
book of Islamic religion.
RURALISATION
The location
of settlement and economic activity in the countryside following a decline in
cities and trade.
SAHN
A courtyard in
a Muslim mosque.
SCHISM
The division
that takes place when a religious movement splits into separate groups.
SERF
A peasant who
worked for a single lord and occupied the same piece of land for life.
SHIA
A minority
branch of Islam. It was originally made up of Muslims who believed that the
caliphs should be relatives of Muhammad.
SLAVE
Apersn without
rights who was considered to be the property of another person.
SOUQ
A market in a
Muslim city.
SUNNI
One of the two
main branches of Islam. It was originally made up of the followers of caliphs
who were not necessarily related to Muhammad.
THEOCRACY
A society in
which the leader has both political and religious authority.
TRADE ROUTE
A network of
cities, rivers and roads where merchants travelled.
TRIBE
A people that
did not live in an organised state and believed that its members were related
to each other.
VILLA
The country
residence in Roman times that later became a large farm.
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