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UNIT 5: THE EXPANSION OF THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS (2º ESO)

UNIT 5: THE EXPANSION OF THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS


CHRISTIAN MILITARY ORDERS




Over the last 1000 years many Christian military orders were established throughout Europe in an effort to fight off invading Muslim, Mongol and Pagan invaders and to preserve the Christian faith and European culture. Many of these Christian Knightly orders are now defunct or take a non-military stance.


KNIGHTS OF SAINT JOHN (Documentary EWTN)



The History of the Knights of Saint John from Jerusalem to Rhodes, to Malta.

KNIGHTS TEMPLAR


A History Of The Knights Templar 






THE HISTORY OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGES


Everyone is buzzing about the growing importance of the Spanish language in the globalized world. It's easy to see why: Spanish is an official language in 21 countries, its prevalence in the US means some say the US is actually a bilingual country, and by 2050, 900 million people will speak Spanish. That's 10% of the world's population, number crunchers.

It's impressive progress for a language that began life in the dying embers of the Roman empire. Like French and Italian, Spanish is a Romance language, derived from Latin. But a lesser-known facts about Spanish's pedigree is that Arabic also exerted a heavy influence on the language- 4,000 words worth, in fact.

Later, a certain C. Columbus took the language across the Atlantic. Spanish borrowed liberally from the native languages of South America, while each South American country gave Castilian Spanish their own flavor. 

Phew! The more than 2,000 years of Spanish language history is a lot to take in. That's why we've neatly condensed it into a whirlwind, globetrotting guide of less than 3 minutes. Whether you want to more about the language you already speak, or you want to find out more before joining the millions of people already learning Spanish, sit back and enjoy the video!

THE WAY OF SAINT JAMES. THE TEMPLE OF THE STARS



The Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) is the perfect mix of touristic-sports adventure and religious sentiment. This documentary shows all of the story from the origins until today.
The discovery of the sepulcher of the Apostle Santiago, in the first third of the IX century, compelled many Christians to make pilgrimages to Compostela doing the Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) to worship his relics. 
This required the construction of a church. This building, besides guarding and honoring the relics of the Apostle and his disciples Teodoro and Atanasio, had to take in a greater number of pilgrims coming from the Peninsular kingdoms, as well as from the rest of Europe. The purpose of its builders was not only to construct the most perfect church dedicated to the cult of the pilgrims; they wanted to make Compostela a religious and artistic reference for the world, like Rome and Jerusalem. 
These are the beginnings of a fascinating story, a fabulous saga spanning centuries carried out 
by thousands of people united in their devotion to the figure of the Apostle Santiago, in a remote corner of Finisterre. They called it Compostela: the field of stars.
The present state of the Santiago Cathedral is the result of numerous changes, projects, works, remodeling; in short, an evolving and impassioned architectural and artistic creation developed throughout many centuries.

Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago). The Temple of the Stars - Full Documentary

Even though Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago have been the three great destinations for pilgrims
since the Middle Ages, the Way of Saint James (Camino de Santiago) to Santiago is the only one that is still traveled the same way today as it was back then: on foot and with little else than a shoulder pouch. 
It had been a long time since news of the discovery of the Santiago sepulcher had reached France. Those were dark and dangerous times. 
Terror broke loose when the Saracen army flattened Compostela. Almanzor had destroyed its basilica and other churches and monasteries. Bishop Diego Peláez decided to build a new church 
to replace the pre-Romanesque Basilica. We fly over the city of Santiago. From up here, we can see the cathedral and near it, the church of San Félix de Solovio. 

And it is in this place where chronicles tell of a hermit known as Pelayo who, as he fasted, observed some lights shining on the ancient Roman citadel. Before such news, the bishop arrived at the site and discovered the entrance to a small sepulcher among the weeds.
A church was built above the sepulcher to worship the Apostle’s relics. Construction was finished in 830 and Bishop Teodomiro consecrated the first Church of Santiago. 
In the year 1101, while in Santiago after being named bishop by Pope Paschal II Diego Gelmírez initiated his projects. The first would be the conclusion of the cathedral. It was apparent that if he wanted the Santiago church to become that great Apostolic see, it had to be at the vanguard of art. 
To this end, he patronized continuous exchanges between Compostelan builders and the most advanced constructors of the times. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) had definitely become a torrent of culutral and artistic exchange between Galicia and the rest of Europe.
Diego Gelmírez had achieved all of his goals: the construction of the cathedral was well on its way 
and it was a benchmark for European Romanesque art;

And finally, on April 21 1211, Archbishop Pedro Muñiz, in the presence of King Alfonso IX,
consecrated the Romanesque cathedral of Santiago. The visits of Pope John Paul II and later Benedict XVI in the Holy Compostelan year of 2010, surrounded by a fervent multitude of pilgrims from all over the world, through Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) are a testimony to the magnificent vitality the Jacobean cult has today. 
But notwithstanding all the changes, the works of Peláez and Gelmírez, of Masters Bernardo, Esteban, Mateo, and countless others, still remain unaltered and recognizable. In the spaces within its naves, columns, tribunes, chapels and porticos, the spirit of all those who contributed to its erection is conserved. 

Thousands of pilgrims from around the world held each year Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) to venerate the relics of the Apostle. The Way of St. James (Camino de Santiago) ends in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.



Once Upon a Time... Man - the Cathedral Builders






The official channel of all series "Once Upon a Time ..." Follow the famous Maestro with his long white beard who will present Man, Space, Life, The Americas, The Discoverers, The Explorers, Planet Earth and Solar Impulse... 



When the Moors rule in Europe - History of Islam in Spain










Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس‎, trans. al-ʼAndalus; Spanish: Al-Ándalus; Portuguese: Al-Andalus; Aragonese: Al-Andalus) also known as the Moorish Iberia, was a medieval Muslim state in parts of what are today Spain, Portugal, Gibraltar, and France. The name more generally describes parts of the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania governed by Muslims (given the generic name of Moors), at various times between 711 and 1492, though the boundaries changed constantly in wars with Christian kingdoms.[1][2][3]

Following the Muslim conquest of Hispania, Al-Andalus was divided into five administrative units, corresponding roughly to modern Andalusia, Galicia and Portugal, Castile and León, Aragon and Catalonia, and Septimania.[4] As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I (711--750); the Emirate of Córdoba (c. 750--929); the Caliphate of Córdoba (929--1031); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa (successor) kingdoms. Rule under these kingdoms saw a rise in cultural exchange and cooperation between Muslims and Christians. Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, al-Andalus was a beacon of learning, and the city of Córdoba became one of the leading cultural and economic centres in both the Mediterranean Basin and the Islamic world.

In succeeding centuries, Al-Andalus became a province of the Berber Muslim dynasties of the Almoravids and Almohads, later fragmenting into a number of minor states, most notably the Emirate of Granada. With the support of locals, the Almoravids deposed the taifa Muslim princes, after helping to repel Christian attacks on the region by Alfonso VI. It is said that rule under the Almoravids and Almohads saw both a decline in cultural and social exchange.

For much of its history, Al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north, who ultimately overpowered their Muslim neighbors. In 1085, Alfonso VI of León and Castile captured Toledo, starting a gradual Muslim decline until, with the fall of Córdoba in 1236, the Emirate of Granada was the only Muslim territory in what is now Spain. The Portuguese Reconquista culminated in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve by Afonso III. In 1238, the Emirate of Granada officially became a tributary state to the Kingdom of Castile, then ruled by King Ferdinand III. Finally, on January 2, 1492, Emir Muhammad XII surrendered the Emirate of Granada to Queen Isabella I of Castile, who along with her husband King Ferdinand II of Aragon were known as the "Catholic Monarchs." The surrender ended Al-Andalus as a political entity, though aspects of Muslim rule are still evident in the region.portugal,
















THE ALHAMBRA FROM THE SULTAN PALACE TO THE LEGEND




OUTLINE 1 POINT 1 UNIT 5






OUTLINE 2 POINT 2 UNIT 5







OUTLINE 3 POINT 3 UNIT 5




OUTLINE 4 POINT 4 UNIT 5



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